Evaluación de las competencias lingüísticas en una adolescente con síndrome de alcoholismo fetal: Un estudio de un caso / Speech therapy assessment of language skills in a teenager with foetal alcohol syndrome: A case study

El presente estudio de caso presenta la evaluación de una paciente adolescente de 17años, adoptada en los países del Este, con discapacidad intelectual límite y problemas sensoriales. Tras la evaluación inicial se diagnosticó un trastorno del desarrollo del lenguaje de tipo fonológico-sintáctico, con comorbilidad con dislexia evolutiva e importantes problemas sensoriales. Paralelamente al diagnóstico se postuló que la adolescente sufriría síndrome de alcoholismo fetal asociado a la exposición prenatal al alcohol, tanto por su cuadro clínico como por las sospechas de su historial de adopción.(AU)

The present case study presents the speech therapy evaluation of a 17-year-old adolescent patient, adopted in an Eastern country, with borderline intellectual disability and sensory problems. After the initial evaluation, a specific lexical-syntactic language disorder was diagnosed, with comorbidity with evolutionary dyslexia and severe sensorial problems. Parallel to the diagnosis, it was postulated that the adolescent had foetal alcohol syndrome associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, both due to her clinical condition and suspicion from her adoption history. After a year of speech therapy intervention, the girl showed no improvement.(AU)

Allophonic perception of VOT contrasts in Spanish children with dyslexia.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have evidenced a different mode of speech perception in dyslexia, characterized by the use of allophonic rather than phonemic units. People with dyslexia perceive phonemic features (such as voicing) less accurately than typical readers, but they perceive allophonic features (i.e., language-independent differences between speech sounds) more accurately. METHOD: In this study, we investigated the perception of voicing contrasts in a sample of 204 Spanish children with or without dyslexia. Identification and discrimination data were collected for synthetic sounds varying along three different voice onset time (VOT) continua (ba/pa, de/te, and di/ti). Empirical data will be contrasted with a mathematical model of allophonic perception building up from neural oscillations and auditory temporal processing. RESULTS: Children with dyslexia exhibited a general deficit in categorical precision; that is, they discriminated among phonemically contrastive pairs (around 0-ms VOT) less accurately than did chronological age controls, irrespective of the stimulus continuum. Children with dyslexia also exhibited a higher sensitivity in the discrimination of allophonic features (around ±30-ms VOT), but only for the stimulus continuum that was based on a nonlexical contrast (ba/pa). CONCLUSION: Fitting the neural network model to the data collected for this continuum suggests that allophonic perception is due to a deficit in "subharmonic coupling" between high-frequency oscillations. Relationships with "temporal sampling framework" theory are discussed.

Proyecto Petit UBinding: método de adquisición y mejora de la lectura en primero de primaria. Estudio de eficacia / Petit UBinding project: An efficacy study of a reading acquisition and reading improvement method for first grade children

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un nuevo método educativo diseñado en la Universidad de Barcelona para dotar a los profesionales de material y herramientas para estimular la lectura en el alumnado de primer curso de educación primaria. Se realizó un diseño pre-post con niños/as separados en 2 grupos: experimental y control. El método fue aplicado en el grupo experimental de noviembre a abril. Tres veces por semana se administraron desde la escuela sesiones grupales en las que se trabajaba mayoritariamente la descodificación, el vocabulario y la comprensión. Por otro lado, de una a 4 veces por semana, según el nivel de eficiencia lectora detectado en cada alumno/a, se llevaron a cabo sesiones individuales online desde el domicilio de los participantes completamente adaptadas al nivel de cada alumno/a, en donde el objetivo principal era trabajar la descodificación. Los análisis mostraron que el grupo experimental obtuvo mejores resultados en fluidez lectora (velocidad y precisión) en todas las pruebas administradas comparado con el grupo de control a final de curso

The aim of this study was to measure the impact of a new method designed at the University of Barcelona to give professionals material and tools that could stimulate reading among first grade of primary school children. The children were split into two groups, an experimental and a control group, and their performances were evaluated within a pre- and post-design. The methodology was applied in the experimental group between November and April. Three times a week, children took part in group sessions that were organized at school. During these sessions, they mainly worked on decoding, vocabulary and comprehension. Between 1 and 4 times a week, according to the reading proficiency of each child, individual online sessions took place at home. These sessions, whose objective was to work primarily on decoding, were entirely adapted to meet the needs of each child, according to his/her level. The analysis of data showed that, at the end of the school term, the experimental group got better results in terms of reading fluency (speed and accuracy) in all tests assessed than the control group

De la teoría fonológica a la identificación temprana de las dificultades específicas de aprendizaje de la lectura / From phonological theory to the early detection of specific learning difficulties in reading

Se revisa el marco teórico de investigación generado en torno a la teoría fonológica de la dislexia evolutiva. Este marco ha habilitado la posibilidad de realizar una identificación temprana de las dificultades específicas de aprendizaje de la lectura y ha justificado su necesidad práctica. Cuatro son las aportaciones fundamentales. Primero, la teoría fonológica defiende que la dislexia evolutiva se produce como consecuencia de un déficit fonológico general que afecta a diversos componentes del sistema fonológico, entre los que destacan la conciencia fonológica, la velocidad de los procesos léxicos y la memoria verbal a corto plazo. Segundo, la teoría fonológica ha puesto de manifiesto que la causa primaria de la dislexia está presente desde el periodo embrionario y produce consecuencias sobre el desarrollo del lenguaje oral durante todo el periodo previo al aprendizaje de la lectura. Tercero, la teoría fonológica ha defendido la tesis del lenguaje oral como causa primaria del déficit, y con ello ha revelado las relaciones entre los trastornos específicos del lenguaje y la dislexia evolutiva. Cuarto, la investigación ha mostrado el significativo impacto de los programas de prevención e intervención temprana, lo que obliga a complementar las estrategias reactivas y tardías de diagnóstico, con estrategias proactivas de prevención y/o identificación e intervención temprana. Finalmente, se argumenta que si las causas primeras y los sistemas de prevención e intervención de estas dificultades están directamente vinculados con el desarrollo del lenguaje, entonces la logopedia debería tener un papel protagonista en la implementación de las estrategias proactivas en el contexto escolar (AU)

This paper presents a review of the research issued from the frame of the Phonological Theory of developmental dyslexia. This theory has set up the means to make an early identification of specific learning difficulties in reading, and has provided theoretical support for its implementation. There are four fundamental contributions. First, the Phonological Theory argues that developmental dyslexia is a consequence of a general phonological deficit that affects different components of the phonological system being phonological awareness, lexical processing speed and verbal short-term memory the most relevant. Second, the Phonological Theory has pointed out that the primary cause of dyslexia is present from the embryonic period and that it affects oral language development before learning to read. Third, the Phonological Theory has considered oral language as the main cause of the deficit, and consequently, has highlighted the relations between Specific Language Impairment and Developmental Dyslexia. Fourth, since research has proved the significant impact of Programs for prevention and early intervention, a clear need for adding proactive strategies of early prevention and/or identification to the late reactive diagnosis strategies has arisen. Finally, it is argued that if primary causes as well as prevention and intervention resources are directly attached to language development, then, speech therapists should play a main role in the implementation of proactive strategies in the school context (AU)

Beyond decoding deficit: inhibitory effect of positional syllable frequency in dyslexic Spanish children.

This study explores whether activation and inhibition word processes contribute to the characteristic speed deficits found in transparent orthographies (Wimmer, Appl Psycholinguist 14:1-33, 1993). A second and fourth grade sample of normal school readers and dyslexic school readers participated in a lexical decision task. Words were manipulated according to two factors: word frequency (high vs. low) and syllable frequency (high vs. low). It has been repeatedly found that words with high-frequency syllables require extra time for deactivating the lexical syllabic neighbors: the so-called inhibitory effect of positional frequency syllable (Carreiras et al., J Mem Lang 32:766-780, 1993). We hypothesized that dyslexic readers would show a stronger inhibitory effect than normal readers because they are slower decoders and they may also be slower at the activation and inhibition of word representations that are competing (i.e., syllabic candidates). Results indicated an interaction between word and syllable frequency (i.e., a strong inhibitory effect was found in the low-frequency word condition). According to our hypothesis, the inhibitory effect size was almost three times bigger in dyslexics than in the normal readers. This difference shows an alteration, not a developmental lag. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect size did not interact with school grade. Thus, reading experience did not impact the lexical processes involved on the inhibitory effect. Our outcomes showed how activation and/or inhibition of lexical processes can contribute to the lack of speed beyond decoding deficit.